Medical oncology is a branch of cancer treatment that includes chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy. When paired with other cancer treatments such as radiation oncology and surgical oncology, it effectively treats cancer. Chemotherapy refers to the use of medications to treat cancer. These medications kill cancer cells by completely stopping or delaying their proliferation. Chemotherapy is most commonly used to treat recurrent malignancies (cancer cells that reappear after treatment) or metastatic cancers (cancer cells that spread to other parts of the body). Chemotherapy medications are given orally, intravenously, or directly into the fluid around the brain or abdominal cavity. Chemotherapy medications also have a tendency to kill quickly dividing healthy cells in the intestines, mouth, and other areas, resulting in certain side effects. Chemotherapy side effects usually disappear after the treatment. Targeted therapy is a type of advanced cancer treatment in which medications are used to target specific proteins and genes identified in cancer cells and other cells relevant to cancer progression. The medications prevent cancer from spreading to other places of the body.
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